Paul evokes how “quickly” Israel turned aside to idols in Exod. 32:8; Deut. 9:12, 16; the same biblical language could be applied even after a generation or more (Judg. 2:17). One could date Galatians in the period right before the Jerusalem Council, when Paul debated with circumcisionists in Antioch (Acts 15:1–2). But the issue seems to have gone no further north than Antioch by this point; if it had, why would the council address their decrees only to Syria-Cilicia (15:23, 41) and not include the